Daily commutings are one of the most important consequences of spatial mismatches between residential and work places. due to the economic, social and environmental impacts in URBAN regional scales, this phenomenon has attracted researchers, planners and policymakers in recent years. The main objective of this study is to provide a general overview of daily commutings in URBAN areas of Iran, and identifying the centers of URBAN floating population stablishment. Our data are the results of the General Census of population and housing in 2011, while the research method is descriptive-analytical and exploratory.Results of the research show that a significant portion (%9.05) of the URBAN working population is displaced daily between URBAN settlements. However, the spatial distribution of the URBAN floating population is very heterogeneous. The main focal centers of the floating population are placed in the metropolitan regions such as Tehran and Isfahan metropolitan regions. Indeed, the transition from a metropolitan city to metropolitan region, has led the URBAN-dwelled LABOR MARKET, to expand its spatial scope into a regional LABOR MARKET, resulting in a significant amount of daily home-to-workplace commutings in long distances. In spite of the evolution of the spatial structure of Iranian metropolitan cities and the formation of metropolitan regions, the dominant daily commutings pattern –due to the prevailed monocentric model- be from suburbs to central cities. However, there are also signs of commuting across the suburbs, or from central cities to the sunurbs.

Dual job holding is widespread in Iran's LABOR MARKET, 18% of work force are holding second job in 1993, which increased to 19% in 2003. Using a rich three years panel data-set of socioeconomic characteristics of Iranian households, the article aims to examine the determinants of dual job holding across the individuals who have participated in the LABOR MARKET. Since the issue of dual job holding is the result of a two selection processes by the individuals, we apply a dual sample selection technique in the econometric analysis, which is based on the Tunali (1985). Our findings explore that age, gender, marital status, education are the main determinants of work hours in the first job, and wage rate in the first job, gender and age are the main driving forces of the second job holding probability.

Spatial separation in terms of rural and URBAN areas has long been analyzed particularly in geographical literature; and in respect to economy, LABOR MARKET could be assumed as one of the most important MARKETs. Therefore, this study mainly aims at investigating development level of such a MARKET in terms of separate rural and URBAN areas. To determine the development level of LABOR MARKET, among many others, four indicators of ‘unemployment rate’, ‘defective employment rate’, ‘employment share in industry sector’, and ‘employment share in private sector’ during the implementation period of the Fourth Development Plan (2005-09) are taken into account; and the ‘technique of order preference by similarity to ideal solution’ (TOPSIS) is applied to model the indicators during the concerned period. Study results indicate a duality of LABOR MARKET development level in rural and URBAN areas in favor of the latter as well as a progress of this distinction toward a greater divergence over time.

According to the data of the International LABOR Organization (ILO), in 2022, among people aged 25 to 54, mothers with young children have a lower chance of participating in the LABOR MARKET than their peers; so the LABOR participation gap for this group increases from 29.2 percent for women to 42.6 percent for mothers. The part of this gap that cannot be explained by human capital factors is called discrimination. In Iran, there are not many Experimental studies on discrimination in the LABOR MARKET for mothers. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the existence of discrimination in accessing job opportunities for mothers compared to other women in the URBAN LABOR MARKET of Iran using data from the URBAN household expenditure-income plan and the logit model. The estimation results show that motherhood reduces women's chances of employment by 5 percent. The variable of male activity rate has a greater effect on the dependent variable, i.e. women's employment, than any other dependent variable and motherhood is in second place. Also, it can be said that by controlling for all variables affecting LABOR supply and demand and culture, motherhood still affects women's employment